Tharsymachus View of Justice in The Republic Essay

Tharsymachus View of Justice in The Republic - Essay Example Philosophy started and developed in ancient Greece. The development and advancement achieved in the field of philosophy by Greeks is amazing. There are many great names in this field but three names standout. All of these three great sages are connected with each other as teacher and student. Socrates was the teacher of Plato and Plato the teacher of Aristotle. Socrates did not write anything. His able student Plato wrote the ideas of Socrates in his famous book â€Å"The Republic†. The book starts with the discussion of the effects of old age and how people feel. From this point the discussion moves on to the idea of justice. At first the idea of justice is equated with honesty. This idea is rejected by Socrates on the ground that it is impossible to be just and honest at the same time. The idea is further discussed and Polemarchus states that justice is helping friends and harming enemies but this argument is rejected on the basis that a good person can do no harm to anyone. This definition is partly accepted as it is right to help friends. After rejecting the above mentioned definitions of justice Thrasymachus is very much annoyed. According to him Socrates is not answering any question and only posing questions. This is easy but the real task is to answer the question. Socrates defends his position by stating that since he does not know therefore it is difficult for him to answer and only with the help of learned people like Thrasymachus the answer to the question may be given. Thrasymachus is represented as a Sophist and in typical Sophist’s style he asks for money. Sophists were the first who charged money for education and they were the teachers who used to teach philosophy and rhetoric to young Greeks. Thrasymachus also wants money for his answer as he states that he can answer the question. The whole company along with Socrates pleads Thrasymachus to state the definition of justice and not worry about money. Thrasymachus states that justi ce is that which serves the interests of the stronger. Socrates finds the definition unclear and therefore he asks questions from Thrasymachus. In order to make the point clear, Thrasymachus states that there are different forms of governments i.e. aristocracy, democracy and tyranny. There are different laws governing these states and in all of them it is just to abide by these laws and unjust to break them. Since laws are made by rulers keeping in view their own interests therefore laws are for the interest of the rulers. From this it is obvious that justice is the interest of the strong. Everyone acts for one’s own benefit and therefore it is natural that strong will act for his own interest. Since government is the strongest of all therefore whatever it makes it will be for the betterment of government. For Thrasymachus here government is equal to strong therefore he believes that justice is the interest of the strong. Superficially this definition seems to be right as wha tever a person does it seems just and right to him therefore he is acting in that particular manner but this is very weak and unrealistic approach to define justice. The objection on this argument came from Socrates. He contends that it is possible for rulers to make error therefore it is also possible that the laws made by them may not always be in the favor of strong. Unintentionally the strong can make laws in the interest of weak. This is possible due to faulty thinking of strong. Thrasymachus rejects this by stating that he considers ruler in perfect state. If ruler is making mistake then he is no more ruler. By stating this Thrasymachus again repeats his view that justice is for the interest of strong. For him the ruler is in perfect state and he cannot make mistake. Whatever law such perfect ruler will make it will be for his interest therefore justice will serve the interest of the strong. At this point the position of Thrasymachus looks strong and clear. He seems to

A personal quality Essay Example for Free

A personal quality Essay It has often been said that the true measure of a person can be seen through her deeds. I feel that I am no different in that I am a woman of action but more importantly a woman of compassion. Since I was young, I naturally learned the importance of sharing and helping from my parents. They motivated me to consider the sharing and helping as the most basic privileges of my life. I was greatly motivated by the bibliography of Albert Schweitzer and Florence Nightingale. These role models have greatly influenced my character. Taking classical ballet classes since I was 3 years old until I became 17 years old, I have had many experiences and qualities that I am quite proud off. I have always been a well rounded individual. On top of my ballet classes, I went to school and performed very well in my academics. I have also learned how to accomplish these extra-curricular activities while still maintaining very good grades. My parents have always been community oriented their whole life and have devoted much of their time reaching out and helping other people in our community. Naturally, I learned how to use my ability to help the others who are in need and how to interact with them readily and satisfactorily. My affirmative thoughts and incessant enthusiasm toward the other cultures greatly affected in learning and accepting the new cultures. Thus, I was adamantly sure that I wanted to study more about the global cultures and increase the global sensibility while studying in the University. The works that I have done while I was in school such as garnering those valuable awards are complimented by my social work. Most importantly, I figured out my lifetime goal, gained many relationships and learned the valuable lesson of sharing. All my contributions, small or big, seemed to be very appreciated by those people and I felt proud of myself. After all those volunteer works and the depth in education, I am now more confident about myself and I made up my mind to challenge myself to get into UC. I will significantly apply all that I saw, listened, and felt in the community works to my educational goals. I will try my best to become a role model of adopting the proper measures for the relief of the minorities to provide them fair opportunities and advantages in life. With well analyzed research data and convincing demonstration, I will play an important role as a link between the minorities and the supporter. While I personally believe that â€Å"there is no such thing as a free lunch† and that everything a person has in life must come from hard work and perseverance, I also believe in charity. I believe in helping others who do not have much in life. I believe in helping people regardless of their nation, race or creed. I believe in being a better person so I can best help myself and others around me. I believe that UC is the best place for me to turn these beliefs into realities.

Public School Finance: Prospectus Paper :: essays research papers

Public School Finance: Prospectus Paper Oklahoma utility companies are currently protesting the amount of taxes that they must pay. The dispute came about because of the difference between what utility companies and other commercial properties and other entities such as railroads and airlines must pay. The utility companies originally protested all of the taxes that they had to pay. They are now protesting the percentage of taxes that they must pay above what the commercial properties pay. The money is currently going into escrow accounts until a decision over the taxes has been made. According to Oklahoma Tax Commission estimates, the protests could affect more than $63 million in funding for schools and counties across the state. The money will not be allocated into the schools until the dispute has been settled. A large group of Oklahoma superintendents has been meeting with the big four utility companies (Public Service Company of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Natural Gas, Oklahoma Gas and Electric and Southwestern Bell) to try to reach a compromise. The most recent meeting occurred on Monday, November 28, 1994. At that meeting Marvin Stokes, Superintendent of Byng Schools, proposed that the utility companies be assessed at 25 mills and that commercial properties be assessed at 20 mills. This would generate around $100 million in new revenue for Oklahoma schools. Eugene Chitwood, Okemah County Assessor, suggested that public service companies be assessed at 23 mills and that commercial properties be assessed at 15-19 mills. This would generate around $50 million in new revenue for Oklahoma schools. The utility companies are currently paying 22.85 mills and commercial properties are paying 11 mills. Private advalorem property is assessed at 11-14 mills. The utility companies were receptive to the suggestions. They do not care if their taxes are increased as long as commercial properties are assessed at a higher level as well. Another idea proposed to the utility companies for their tax rate to decrease to 21.85 mills. This would free up around 58 million dollars immediately if the utility companies agree. The group of Oklahoma superintendents will meet with Glen Johnson ,Speaker of the House, on Monday, December 5, 1995. The superintendents feel that it would be to their advantage to have there concerns heard by the House even though the State Equity board has the final say. The State Equity Board is comprised of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, State Superintendent of Schools, State Treasurer, the State Auditor, and the State Secretary of Agricultural. In order to get a measure passed by the State Equity Board, a measure must receive four of the 7 votes.

How Mildred Taylor uses the Characters and Events to show the Prejudice

Mildred Taylor, the author of 'Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry' clearly depicts racism in her novel. She skillfully uses the characters and events in the novel to show prejudice in Mississippi in the 1930s, when the book was set. At the time Mississippi was renowned as one of the worst states for racism. Taylor has created many situations in her novel were several of the characters are victimized as well as discriminated against. Throughout the novel white people form an irrational judgment on the black race, innocent people are burnt and lynched. 'Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry' is a novel which ventures on how hatred, humiliation and degradation fill the gap between the two races that are separate from each other, the races of the black and white. Taylor uses one of the main characters in this novel, Cassie Logan to show how racism impacted on their everyday lives. When Cassie goes to Strawberry for the first time, she is put out of her comfort zone and into the real world. Through these episodes Taylor shows us that Cassie had to grow up, and learn that being defensive cannot always solve the problem. As Cassie angrily confronts Mr. Barnett as she has not been served, he angrily ?recoiled? and told her to get her ?little black self? away from the counter to wait. As Mr. Barnett tries to get rid of Cassie he bellows, ?whose little nigger is this? leaving Cassie feeling ashamed and confused. Taylor uses this incident and characters to show that black people were considered, by some, to be less important than whites, since Cassie had been waiting for nearly an hour. The language spoken by Mr. Barnett is strongly patronizing, and it expands the portrayal of racism. Another point where Cassie is complete humiliated is when she bum... ...hool every day, whilst the white school bus goes past and sprays them with red dust. This also shows segregation, whites and blacks had to be as far apart as possible according to the whites. In the novel we see segregation many times: when Big Ma parks the wagon the other side of the field, the different schools and different buses. Taylor does use strong and powerful language through her characters and events to portray the racism. She also had a clear structure, some may find it confusing at times, but overall it does not affect how prejudice is portrayed as events follow each other. I think that the final message of the novel, perhaps, is that survival is possible, but that there are inevitable losses along the way, and that whatever race we are should not matter. Taylor uses memorable characters and big and small events to show prejudice in 1930?s Mississippi.

Family Recipe Essay

When I was younger, I remember walking into my grandmother’s house every Thursday night smelling the freshly-baked homemade lasagna she always made. The recipe she would follow has been passed down from many generations in our family. It is one of my favorite meals to make, and it can be done in approximately an hour and thirty minutes. The key to making my family’s homemade lasagna can be summed up in three simple steps: selecting top-quality ingredients, preparing them, and baking the lasagna correctly. The first step in cooking my family’s homemade lasagna is to select top-quality ingredients. There are many different requirements for this dish, and getting the cheap brand of any of the ingredients does not allow for the full potential of the meal. You need to have one 16 oz. package of Barilla lasagna noodles, two pounds of the store’s fresh ground beef, one 24 oz. can of Prego Traditional tomato sauce, half a teaspoon of salt, two 16 oz. bags of Kraft mozzarella cheese, and one 16 oz. cup of Sargento ricotta cheese. After purchasing these ingredients, the ground beef, mozzarella cheese, and ricotta cheese need to be placed in the refrigerator until consumption. The second step in cooking my family’s homemade lasagna is to prepare it. Lasagna has many different ingredients that have to be cooked and mixed together at separate times. First, you need to preheat the oven to 375 degrees Fahrenheit or 190 degrees Celsius. Boil two and one half quarts of water in a 5 quart pot of lightly-salted water on medium high, add the noodles and cook them for approximately eight to ten minutes or until soft. Drain the noodles and put them to the side. Next, put the two pounds of beef in a skillet and cook on medium high heat until all of the meat is evenly brown. Once the beef is fully cooked, drain the grease and rinse the meat with warm hot water. After you have drained and rinsed the beef, put it back into skillet and add one 24 oz. can of Prego Traditional tomato sauce. Stir until the meat and sauce are mixed evenly, keeping the temperature on low or simmer. As soon as you have cooked the lasagna noodles, beef, and mixed the tomato sauce and meat, you must combine all of the ingredients to bake it properly. For this process, you will need to use a three quart rectangular pan. First, place four lasagna noodles side by side down in the pan. Second, you need to add half of the meat and sauce to that layer and spread it evenly across the pan. Third, use a spoon and spread a thin layer of ricotta cheese across the meat and sauce. Once that is done, the fourth thing you do is add a moiety of the shredded mozzarella cheese to fully cover the layer until you see nothing underneath. After those steps are done, you must repeat this step again using the rest of the ingredients. The third step in cooking my family’s homemade lasagna is to bake it the correct way. The oven needs to have been preheating on 375 degrees Fahrenheit while you are preparing the dish. Once you have the pan ready to put in the oven, take a big piece of aluminum foil and cover the top. Place in oven for twenty five to thirty minutes depending on the cheese. When the cheese melts and turns slightly brown, take the pan out of the oven and remove the aluminum foil. Place the pan back into oven for five to eight minutes. After the typical five to eight minutes is up, remove the pan and let it stand for ten minutes before cutting. When the ten minutes is up, you can cut and serve up to ten people with this dish. When you finish eating the portions that you please, be sure to cover the pan up with aluminum foil and place it in the refrigerator. Preparing my family’s homemade lasagna recipe is not a difficult task, but it is very time consuming. Many people try to rush and throw everything together to have a meal in a timely manner, but the key to success is patience. You must have the patience to cook and put together the dish before baking it. The key to creating my family recipe is to select top-quality ingredients, prepare them, and bake them correctly. By following these directions, your homemade lasagna meal will be a great success for you and whomever. (760).

Free Essays on Ww1

WW1 was a war shaped by the grounds of mounting tensions that flowed into every civilizations system. In response to the tension it was only a matter of time that questioned the outbreak. Tension manifested into the direct necessitate for power through the direct force of nationalism and Imperialism. A significant example can be found in the Balkans where pride became their focal will to enforce rise to their independence. Nationalism is the very voice and essence on which the act of militarism is built upon. In order to secure their nationalism and release tension it was an obligation for the civilizations to build a substantial and enduring base. In shorter terms, imperialism and nationalism were the leading causes of World War I because they contributed to the establishment of a secured base, which released the rising tensions that occupied the era. The expansion of nationalism results in the expansion of economy and imperialism, which are primary elements needed to sustain power and survival. A significant example can be revealed in the European conquests for imperialism or colonization. The motives can be revealed in the belief of European supremacy in ideas and culture, which grow from the idea of the â€Å"white man’s burden†. Missionaries spread with the motive of Christianizing and civilizing the natives believing it would enhance the people they encountered. Economic rise was also an important motive since the new colonies were seen as â€Å"undeveloped estates†. As desire for imperialism lit, European powers focused on the African peninsula to further bring rise to their economy and influence by imperialism. The aim of the European states to seize Africa became know as the Scramble for Africa. In order to bring economic rise the colonies were seen as sources of expensive raw materials and new markets for European manufactures and investment. As the European states collided with imperialistic objectives tensions burst and the... Free Essays on Ww1 Free Essays on Ww1 Causes of WW1 The Causes of World War I What exactly were the causes of World War I? Sure, it sounds like a pretty simple question, but it’s most definitely not a simple answer! There was whole lot more to the start of the war than an Austrian prince being murdered in Serbia, as is what most people think was the whole cause of World War I. Besides, the effects of the war weren’t just concentrated to a â€Å"post-war era† lasting for a whole generation of Westerners. Nope! The effects of the war were widespread throughout the world and can be traced for generations after the war! Its not very rare that when a person is asked what caused World War I, that they’d answer saying: an Austrian Prince being shot in Serbia. However†¦ the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie , in Sarajevo was not the main cause of the Great War. It was really the breaking point for Austria in dealing with Serbia. The truth of the whole matter is that several facto rs played a role in the â€Å"outbreak† of the catastrophic war that took over the nations of Europe for over four years. World War I was truly the result of building hostility throughout the countries of Europe, which was backed by the rise of nationalism. To add to the disastrous â€Å"soup of war†, if you will, there was also huge, almost threatening competition plus the fear of military alliances and an arms race. More and more ingredients were being added to this â€Å"soup† and tension was growing by leaps and bounds, something was going to snap. The 1st world war now seemed inevitable! (Encarta Encyclopedia, 2000) Military alliances were definitely a big issue. Two of the major opposing alliances developed by the Bismarckian diplomacy after the Franco- Prussian War was one of the major causes of the war. In order to inconspicuously cut off France, Bismarck came up with the Three Emperor’s League in 1872, which was basically an alliance between Germ any, Russia, ... Free Essays on WW1 WW1 was a war shaped by the grounds of mounting tensions that flowed into every civilizations system. In response to the tension it was only a matter of time that questioned the outbreak. Tension manifested into the direct necessitate for power through the direct force of nationalism and Imperialism. A significant example can be found in the Balkans where pride became their focal will to enforce rise to their independence. Nationalism is the very voice and essence on which the act of militarism is built upon. In order to secure their nationalism and release tension it was an obligation for the civilizations to build a substantial and enduring base. In shorter terms, imperialism and nationalism were the leading causes of World War I because they contributed to the establishment of a secured base, which released the rising tensions that occupied the era. The expansion of nationalism results in the expansion of economy and imperialism, which are primary elements needed to sustain power and survival. A significant example can be revealed in the European conquests for imperialism or colonization. The motives can be revealed in the belief of European supremacy in ideas and culture, which grow from the idea of the â€Å"white man’s burden†. Missionaries spread with the motive of Christianizing and civilizing the natives believing it would enhance the people they encountered. Economic rise was also an important motive since the new colonies were seen as â€Å"undeveloped estates†. As desire for imperialism lit, European powers focused on the African peninsula to further bring rise to their economy and influence by imperialism. The aim of the European states to seize Africa became know as the Scramble for Africa. In order to bring economic rise the colonies were seen as sources of expensive raw materials and new markets for European manufactures and investment. As the European states collided with imperialistic objectives tensions burst and the... Free Essays on WW1 The First World War had many causes; the historians probably have not yet discovered and discussed all of them so there might be more causes than what we know now. The spark of the Great War was the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife by a Serbian nationalist on the morning of June 28, 1914, while traveling in a motorcade through Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Archduke was chosen as a target because Serbians feared that after his ascension to the throne, he would continue the persecution of Serbs living within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Serbian terrorist organization, the Black Hand, had trained a small group of teenage operatives to infiltrate Bosnia and carry out the assassination of the Archduke. It is unclear how officially active the Serbian government was in the plot. However, it was uncovered years later that the leader of the Black Hand was also the head of Serbian military intel ligence. In order to understand the complexity of the causes of the war, it is very helpful to know what was the opinion of the contemporaries about the causes of the Great War. In the reprint of the article "What Started the War", from August 17, 1915 issue of The Clock magazine published on the Internet the author writes: "It is thought that this war that is been ongoing for over a year, began with the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand. However, many other reasons led to this war, some occurring as far back the late 1800's. Nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and the system of alliances were four main factors that pressed the great powers towards this explosive war." According to the article above, the author stresses that the nationalism was one of the primary causes of the war. In the ninetieth and twentieth centuries, especially after the French Revolution nation...

Economic Data Example

Economic Data Example Economic Data – Coursework Example Economic data A 7.2% unemployment rate in Bell-Land is not a good rate. This rate surpasses the normal rate of 5%, and thehigh rate of unemployment indicates that the economy is underperforming, or it has a failing gross domestic product. Before giving an answer to the Bell-land leader, I need to think about the chnages in labour force participation that may have taken place in the country as it may be the cause of high unemployment rate. A decline in labour participation would result in an increase in the unemployment rate, which would indicate serious trouble within the economy. Labour force participation in the US has fallen over the past decade and more in the recent years, and this is because fewer Americans have been searching for work. Labour force participation in the US has been falling since the beginning of the recession in December 2007. It is important to study the change in labour force participation as any decline in labour force participation should be a concern for t he economy as whenever few people are willing work, then it means that production will be less. It is also important to understand the change in labour force participation as it helps to understand the reasons behind it and devise ways of dealing with it.Of the three estimates for quarterly GDP growth rates, the most accurate one is the advance estimate where the estimate of the first quarter consisting of Jan, Feb and March would be released in April. This would allow DGP estimates for the next quarter to begin. The U3, U6 nd labour force particpation rate for December 2014 was 5.8%, 11% and 62.8% respectivley.International Labour Office. Key Indicators of the Labour Market. International Labour Organization, 2003

amademous essays

amademous essays The main actors and their characters they played are: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Tom Hulce Antonio Salieri Murray Abraham Mozarts dad Roy Dotrice Mozarts wife Elizabeth Berridde Emperor Joseph II Jeffery Jones The movie Amadeus was based on two composers, Mozart and Salieri. In the begging of the movie Salieri tries to commit suiside. A priest comes to see Salieri to ask him if he has anything to confess. Salieri then begins to unravel the story of Mozart and Salieris life together. Mozart has been a great composer since he was four years old. Salieri on the other hand not as good and would never be as good as Mozart. In the movie you can see how jealous Salieri is of Mozart. Salieris father was against him playing music, and on the other end Mozarts father praised it and insisted on it. Salieri wanted to play music more than anything in the world. One day while in church, Salieri asks God to let him be a great composer and in return he would give him his chastity and write for God. The next day Salieris father died and this was a miracle in Salieris eyes. His family had to go to Vienna where Salieri then became discovered. Salieri worked his way up to the courts and was the Emperors composer. Mozart was to perform for the Emperor, when Salieri got news of this he grew anxious to meet the great composer. He wanted to see what this marvelous composer looked like with all the talent he possessed. The story then goes on about Mozart composing operas and pieces for the Emperor. More and more Salieri was growing to hate Mozart, because he was not as good and realized he would never be. In the middle of the movie Mozart finds out that his father has died. This slowly kills Mozart, he cant write, he drinks more and more, and his relationship with his wife is suffering. Salieri sees how Mozar...

Confucianism Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Confucianism Reflection - Essay Example If we were to look back into the history of China as a people, what becomes evident is that they have a deeply rooted respect for their elders and ancestors that continue to this very day. It is this sense of respect that has created a strong family bond among the Chinese. The aforementioned Confucianist belief conveys the message that respect for parents is not only something that should be done in the presence of others, but it is something that must be embodied in order to be an effective tenet of the human relationship or relationships between senior and junior members of the family. The idea behind the passage that I chose to reflect upon is simple. My understanding is that children are being trained to know, from an early age, that if one shows respect to his elders, then he will not need to demand that his elders respect him as well. The true respect and family relationship is built when the young generation shows support for his elders, without feeling obligated to do so. It then becomes important for children to understand that showing respect for their elders, and not showing them a bad face is the kind of payback that is expected or accorded to people who have nurtured them since conception and helped them become contributing members of society. Parents, are known to do everything that they can for their children up until the time when their age no longer permits them to do so. Once they become feeble and weak, it then becomes the responsibility of their children to sacrifice for and respect their parents until their last day on earth. Some children these days often show their parents a bad face once they are asked by their elders to perform certain tasks, because of the sense of privilege and self-centered attitude that modern parenting styles have bestowed upon them. Thus showing a lifelong disrespect for their parents rather than showing thanks for the sacrifice that the elders committed themselves to for the benefit of the younger

Reflection Paper - 10 Principles learned so far Essay

Reflection Paper - 10 Principles learned so far - Essay Example I learned that a narrative essay’s aim is to tell a story in a clear and structured fashion to assist the readers in understanding and in empathizing with the characters in the story. Descriptive From the descriptive essay entitled â€Å"The Loneliness of Rose† written by Jon Katz, I realized that this kind of literary work focuses on providing detailed illustration of the topic being discussed – in this essay, a border collie named Rose. The author went on great lengths to provide details of Rose’s skills, traits, the work being done, competencies as a work dog. Another essay, â€Å"Traffic Jams† also provide descriptive information on a routine back home from work, travelling the Manhattan to Brooklyn plight. The traffic jam situation could ordinarily be viewed as an uncomfortable test of one’s patience but the vast amount of details provide replete amounts of descriptive details worthy of the reflective time. Persuasive The abovementioned essays under the descriptive principle have elements of persuasive details. In â€Å"Perfect Picture† through narration, the author likewise persuades the readers for the need to discern appropriate judgment in determining options and alternatives presented in particular situations.

The Rise of E- Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Rise of E- Business - Essay Example E-business receives due attention due to several reasons. These reasons belong to two main categories: benefits for the suppliers and benefits for the customers. Each of these categories shows how beneficial this new mode of conducting business is. Briefly, e-business is the market for goods and services, which exists online. The suppliers make their goods and services available online, through the websites of their companies. Customers visit these websites, go through the online catalogues and finally select and order their chosen product online. They usually make the payment for these goods and services online as well, after which the supplier couriers the goods to their physical addresses. The efficiency and speediness of this innovative new medium of trade has gained it much popularity throughout the world, as people in both developed and developing countries benefit from this advantageous new option today (Berreby, 2010). Firstly, e-business has led to immense profitability for the supplier side of the market. These suppliers rejoice the numerous advantages virtual trade has over store-based, physical trade. It eliminates the need of large amounts of tangible capital, thus making it a very profitable venture. It replaces the need for inventory and stock collection concerning future predictions of demand. Apart from this, it is also an effective way to keep track of all transactions, since they are all recorded online. Finally, the e-business is one that helps tap into markets all over the world, that is, to reach customers in every country; instead of just the country, the supplier lives in (Li, 2007). These numerous benefits to conducting a business online have led to a sharp rise in e-business over the last decade. Whenever a business is set up, one of the most essential factors to consider is how much startup capital it will require. This refers to the land, buildings, offices, stores, etc. This property needs to be bought or rented, maintained, paid ta xes for and depreciated. All these costs can combine to form a significant chunk of the costs of the business. Apart from this, a large number of employees are required for the upkeep and maintenance of the property, be it repair people, janitors, or other maintenance staff. These numerous employees increase the costs of running a business greatly, and are sometimes responsible for a great cut in profits. E-businesses, however, do not require such buildings and property. The costs of maintaining an online website, although substantial, are not as great as the costs of hiring or buying and depreciating physical property (Karake-Shalhoub, & Qasimi, 2006). This is a major attracting factor for people who choose to start e-businesses. Apart from this, the inventory needs of a physical business are also huge. The seller needs to budget according to the next month, and for this she needs to predict demand for the following period and then order and store that amount of goods in inventory, until they are sold. If any of these inventories is not sold by the end of the next period, it needs to be accounted for, check for expiry and included in the calculations of the following month’s inventory. This procedure takes up a lot of time, money, and effort, and often leads to wastage of goods and shortage of storage space (Stanford-Smith, & Chiozza,

Leadership in History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership in History - Research Paper Example When he came to power, Mr. Putin faced a number of problems, dilemma and obstacles in his presidency. President Putin rose to power when the Chechnya problem was at the peak, high corruption in the government and military, economic meltdown and having to choose between a deal not to criticize the former president and doing whatever he believed was right according to him(Baker and Glasser 117). That time marked the worst time ever for the Russian economy, which required the best leadership skills to maneuver the tide. Putin did not let his citizens down in this one. He made some decisions that though were controversial, ended up saving the Russian economy. In fact, president Putin tried very much to change the governance of Russia from a militarized state to a communist state by moving away from military rule. Most countries believe that by being super-powerful in terms of military might, then their citizens and the country at large can be peaceful. However, this might not be the obvious case going by Gorbachevs new thinking on international relations. He believed that even though not everything can change overnight, people will always have different approaches to certain issues. For peace to prevail is to acknowledge the needs and interests of every person or country and the equality of their equality internationally and then striving to provide them (Gorbachevs). The same sentiments seem to have motivated Putin’s presidency going by some of the decisions he made regarding his leadership. This paper is going to examine the presidency of Putin, the problems he encountered, how he came to power and finally how he dealt with the problems. Mr. Putin’s presidency came at a time when the problem of Chechen rebellion was troubling government and wanted to bring the presidency that recognizes the plight of Chechnya and on the same note not portraying the outgoing President in bad light. This was not the

Peer review Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peer review - Coursework Example why the University of Marion introduced the LessThanUThink campaign in order to sensitize students on the importance to focus on their studies rather than engage in irresponsible activities such as excessive alcohol consumption. The author should include the effects of alcohol on student performance and graduation rate. It is significant to note that as discussed in the proposal, the author gathered evidence from University students that they usually consume very large volumes of alcohol mostly during the weekends to get wasted. According to them, they do this for fun and an individual can end up guzzling up to over ten drinks in a night. However, this heavy drinking results in personal tragedy for college students and their families. Yes, the draft proposal persuades in the way the author has answered the problem of the proposal. The author has stated the reasons why the campaign was launched. The campaign in the University was successful since after the campaign was launched, it has assisted educate students when others engage in irresponsible drinking. There is no need for change or reorganization of the paper but the author should state the research design of the study and the methods they used to gather information about binge drinking in the University of Marion. The author was very keen and specific thus they avoided any form of repetitiveness. The most interesting part is the statistics about the past drinking behavior of students at the University of Marion. The statistics were shocking and needed immediate intervention to avoid further damage to the students and the reputation of the University. For example, I learned that about 25 percent of college students report academic consequences of their drinking including missing class, falling behind, doing poorly on exams or papers, and receiving lower grades

Leadership in History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership in History - Research Paper Example When he came to power, Mr. Putin faced a number of problems, dilemma and obstacles in his presidency. President Putin rose to power when the Chechnya problem was at the peak, high corruption in the government and military, economic meltdown and having to choose between a deal not to criticize the former president and doing whatever he believed was right according to him(Baker and Glasser 117). That time marked the worst time ever for the Russian economy, which required the best leadership skills to maneuver the tide. Putin did not let his citizens down in this one. He made some decisions that though were controversial, ended up saving the Russian economy. In fact, president Putin tried very much to change the governance of Russia from a militarized state to a communist state by moving away from military rule. Most countries believe that by being super-powerful in terms of military might, then their citizens and the country at large can be peaceful. However, this might not be the obvious case going by Gorbachevs new thinking on international relations. He believed that even though not everything can change overnight, people will always have different approaches to certain issues. For peace to prevail is to acknowledge the needs and interests of every person or country and the equality of their equality internationally and then striving to provide them (Gorbachevs). The same sentiments seem to have motivated Putin’s presidency going by some of the decisions he made regarding his leadership. This paper is going to examine the presidency of Putin, the problems he encountered, how he came to power and finally how he dealt with the problems. Mr. Putin’s presidency came at a time when the problem of Chechen rebellion was troubling government and wanted to bring the presidency that recognizes the plight of Chechnya and on the same note not portraying the outgoing President in bad light. This was not the

Online Shopping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Online Shopping - Essay Example Though online shopping has some disadvantages it is better as compared to physical shopping. Time factor is the most important factor to consider when focusing on advantages of online shopping. It saves more time when doing online shopping than in the physical shopping. One can easily buy multiple of products in just a minute rather than spending more time moving to different shelves to look for products physically. An individuals needs to have an electronic gadget which can connect him or her to internet and access products over the net. One can use a computer or IPad or Smartphone to carry out the shopping. In doing the online shipping an individuals can click using the mouse, multiple products and make the payment at once. The time spend in carrying out shopping physically is more which can be used in other business. Time is money and with online shopping an individual can place order of many products in few seconds and carry out other important business. An individual also can search for the product he or she needs within the shortest time in different online sites. It is time saving to carry out online shopping and individual should consider buying things online in order to save time (Ships2door 2). The products are provided at lower price in online stores than the physical stores. The cost of storage and service providers salary is cut in online shopping and that is why many organizations offer products cheap than in stores. The online stores do not need the seller to pay for electricity, rent, cashiers and this reduces the cost of products. An individual can also buy products in a different country with good prices. The cost of transport is also saved when doing online shopping, an individual does not need to travel to the stores in order to get the product but he or she can make the shopping even at the bedroom. It is relatively cheap to make shopping online than shopping at the stores and

Slackness and more slackness Essay Example for Free

Slackness and more slackness Essay Bob Marleys One Love is heralded as the song of the 20th century. Jamaicans are jubilant about this. We boast of the impact of such songs as Redemption Song in encouraging the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Millions across the world identify with the message in Bob Marleys songs. We agree that music has tremendous power and effect. Isnt this evident in how Jamaica has become known worldwide because of Bob Marleys music? How is it then that the same voices that acknowledge the powerful effect of Marleys music now seek to deny the effect of dancehall artistes such as Vybz Kartels lyrics on the minds and subsequent behaviour of those who listen to them? Dancehall has moved from the space that reggae occupies, in its promotion of social and political consciousness, to the elevation and advancement of slackness. This affects our youth in a negative fashion. Dancehall is not just the music, but it is a culture which impacts dress, fashion and body language; it influences attitude. Dancehall dress leaves little of the womens bodies to the imagination. It is this mindset that is now affecting so many of our young people in school. They are following the dancehall culture of badmanism, hottie girls, nuff girls, nuff skin and body parts exposed, nuff slackness, public wining and grinding, bling and more bling, and every thing else that the culture promotes. PARENTS ALSO MORE DULGING There are parents who are indulging in this dancehall lifestyle and who, therefore, cannot guide their children to lead moral, self-disciplined lives. The children and the parents are now both indulging in the dancehall slackness. We see the effect of this in our schools. We see it when little children are taken to Passa Passa and adults delight in watching them wining and grinding their undeveloped hips in imitation of their slackness. Before these children can begin to know what innocence is, they have lost it. Their innocence has been aborted. This exposure to unbridled slackness from an early age has ensured that we produce a generation whose morality has been warped from the beginning. They will now believe that this slack and loose behaviour is the norm. WOMEN AS SEX OBJECTS We add slackness to slackness when the songs played on the sound systems and the images portrayed in the music videos all promote women as sex machines. These women represent themselves merely as objects of sex as is made clear by how they dress and by the sex-simulating gyrations they indulge in, which are termed dancing, with bottoms bouncing and going round like gigs and pelvic thrusts emphasising their genital areas. With such a constant diet being fed to the senses of the young, how can their consciousness develop in an innocent, childlike way? Add to these stimuli, the images of upstanding Jamaicans wining and grinding on the roads during carnival; women sandwiched by men from behind and before; women and men of all shapes and sizes, some totally unknown to each other, wearing the barest of coverings, indulging in unrestrained sexual conduct on the streets with the media promoting and covering it, with hordes of police (including high-ranking police officers) guiding the train. What are we saying to our young? We are saying that slackness is acceptable, that sexual behaviour is not a private matter; that sex can be practised publicly with societys approval. Why, then, are we shocked when our schoolchildren display this same type of behaviour on the streets, at the transportation hubs, on the buses, on the school grounds? Why are we shocked when they want their sex acts to be video-taped and published? Children live what they learn. They have simply taken a step further what they have been taught by the big people, the adults, around them. We are simply reaping what we have sown. This is what some young teenagers say about the impact of dancehall on their behaviour: It makes me break out of my little shell. I am an innocent girl and dancehall music breaks that barrier. It makes you feel all gangsterish and cool. And the music teaches you how to dress. The lyrics are influential. They tell you to walk roun, smoke weed and buss gun. Many people, children in particular, look up to some of the artistes who feature these lyrics in their songs and they actually do some of these things because they feel that if their favourite artiste is doing it and they are hip and admired, then why not do it too. Hence, dancehall music is influential, not only to me, but to the wider society. I have stopped listening to dancehall music now and thats good because it had such a negative influence on me. At one point, I found myself acting in the way that the songs portray a hot girl should be.

Can Neutropenic Cancer Patients Be Nursed Effectively Nursing Essay

Can Neutropenic Cancer Patients Be Nursed Effectively Nursing Essay On my clinical rotation I have observed that oncology patients are being nursed in wards which have patients with other conditions. Some of the oncology patients were severely neutropenic. This poses a greater risk for infections since the white blood cells needed to fight infection is very low. It has been noted that patients with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis are being nursed on the same ward, along with burn patients and HIV patients. It was observed however that the most neutropenic patients were being barrier nursed. However it was still observed that many times members of staff entered the room without wearing a mask or washing their hands and most of the times the patient also wore no mask. The cleaning staff also entered the rooms and cleaned without wearing masks and would sometimes clean an infectious persons room prior to cleaning the cancer patient room. These observations have led me to ask the question whether neutropenic cancer patients can be effectively nu rsed on a ward with others patients of contagious illnesses. This issue is significant to oncology nursing and cancer care since it addresses the practices of nursing and also plays an important part in patient outcomes. It has been estimated that each year in the United States there were sixty thousand cases of cancer patients hospitalized with neutropenia. About two thirds of that number has reported infections and the estimated inpatient mortality rate of those patients is seven percent (Segal, 2008). Infections also cost hospitals a lot of money that could be spent on other health issues. It was estimated that infections have added thirty billion dollars to the US hospital cost while consumers also have to pay part of the cost (McCaughey, 2005). A search was carried out using internet data bases and articles were found which lends support to the use of barrier nursing and other methods as effective tools in infection control. Barrier Nursing is nursing a patient so as to erect a barrier to the passage of infectious pathogenic organisms between the contagious patient and other patients and staff in the hospital, and thence to the outside world (Last, 2010).It involves the use of having the patient isolated in a separate room and if not possible they are screened on an open ward. The nurse would wear a gown, mask and gloves when attending to the patient and observe strict hand washing and aseptic techniques (Last, 2010). Reverse barrier nursing or protective isolation is where the susceptible patient is isolated to prevent them from getting infections. It involves limiting the number of staff and visitors that interact with the patient especially if they are ill. It also involves limiting attending to a contagious patient then attending to the immunocompromised patient. All staff should be aware of the precautions and the doors should be appropriately labeled (The Leeds Teaching Hospital, 2003). According to the American Cancer Society (2009), neutropenia is described as a deficiency of neutrophils. Neutrophils are the largest number of white bloods cells in the body and are crucial to the bodys defense system. Some cancers such as the lymphomas and some leukemias directly affect the immune system and causes low blood counts. In other cases the cancer treatment received such as chemotherapy and radiation results in damage to the immune system (American Cancer Society, 2009). When the immune system is damaged or suppressed it is referred to as immunosupression. When this occurs the white blood cells especially neutrophils are unable to fight off infections and the person is highly susceptible to getting an infection. Infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi (American Cancer Society, 2009). Some studies have suggested that proper hand hygiene by the patient and the nurse along with immunization, antifungal and antibacterial prophylaxis have show to be the most effective methods of infection control. Avoiding contact with persons who are ill with respiratory illnesses has also been suggested (Zitella, Friese, Hauser, Gobel, Woolery, OLeary and Andrews, 2006). The Center for Disease Control recommends hand washing as the most important means of spreading infection especially in susceptible populations such as the immunocompromised. It is also important between different patients in high risk units such as between cancer patients and HIV patients (LeTexier, 2000). Other studies have suggested that barrier nursing is needed for all immunocompromised patients. Some infections are seen mostly in certain disease populations for example Candida infections are found in many HIV patients. However the question of whether neutropenic patients should be housed close to HIV patients needs to be further researched. Rather strict hygiene practices along with prophylactic treatment have been suggested (Lortholary Dupont, 1997). It is suggested that all clinical staff and other health care workers are periodically trained in infection control and there should be consistent evaluation of techniques being used. The nurse is in a unique position to ensure that infection spread is reduced by carrying out and monitoring aseptic practices; ensuring the environment is clean to prevent spread of micro organisms and to protect the patient from ill staff and visitors (Collins, n.d). Some studies have also indicated that there is little evidence that reverse barrier nursing is effective especially where there is no laminar air flow or HEPA-filtered rooms available. However some studies indicate that the filtered rooms can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with leukemia (Seshadri Baumann, 2008). The use of reverse isolation of any type for patients with solid tumors who are neutropenic is discouraged since there are no studies to prove it is helpful rather it can cause anxiety and confusion for patients, their families, and healthcare workers (Seshadri Baumann, 2008). After reviewing the literature the question can be answered that neutropenic patients can be effectively nursed on these wards with the collaboration of all the members or the health care team in carrying out proper hygienic methods.

Stereotypes and Stereotyping in Invisble Man :: Invisible Man Essays

Powerful Stereotypes in Invisble Man Ellison creates many stereotypes of African Americans of his time. He uses this to bring less informed readers to understand certain characters motives, thoughts, and reasoning. By using each personality of an African American in extremes, Ellison adds passion to the novel, a passion that would not be there if he would let individualism into his characters. Individualism, or lack there of is also significant to the novel. It supports his view of an anti-racial America, because by using stereotypes he makes his characters racial these are the characters that the Americans misunderstand and abominate. Dr. Bledsoe is the stereotypical submissive African American. He seemingly is peremptory, but this is just a façade. Though all of the African Americans in his community hold him in a high regard, he has no such respect in the "white-mans" world. College students tell stories about how when in the north, he is called Mr. Doctor Bledsoe. Yet in his letter addressed to Mr. Emerson, he ended the letter with, "I am your humble servant." It is this cowardly submission that Bledsoe uses to "gain power." He enjoys what little power he has in the African American community, so much in fact that he says that he would rather see every black man in the country lynched than give up his "power." Ras the Exhorter (later the Destroyer) is the stereotypical black supremacist. One of the most memorable characters to me, Ras battles for social equality; literally. Literally meaning prince in one of Ethiopia's languages and mimicking the sound of Ra, the Egyptian sun God, Ras encompasses the stereotypical black-nationalist. By using these allusions, Ellison is establishing the character's personality even before he acts. Ras's philosophy, one that was unorthodox at the time of publishing, is that blacks should cast off oppression and prejudice by destroying the ability of white men to control them. This inevitably leads to violence. This anti-segregation from blacks was unheard of. These two offer the reader a sense of variety and contrast. Both causes conflict with the Invisible Man, yet they also offer an inspiration and wisdom. Bledsoe taught him to not be so naïve, even to his own people.

Building and Maintaining a Putting Green Essay -- turf glass, USGA gre

There are many steps involved in building and maintaining a putting green. The first step that the Superintendent and Golf Professional staff needs to understand is that research and studying their options is the most important part to building a successful golf course and putting green. Without research for the grass and soil, diseases would run rampant, courses would be using dated technology, the grass would not be as easy to maintain, and costumer satisfaction would decrease causing a decrease in revenue. The facility could even choose the wrong grass if they didn’t pay close attention to their soil quality, known local diseases, and temperature zone. The facility needs to research which method of green they would like to build and how much it is going to cost. For example a lower end municipal course might chose to make push-up green which doesn’t guarantee the longevity of the grasses survival, but it is within their budget and suits their needs just fine. A five star resort will want to build a USGA green that costs more, but certifies the survival of the greens. A facility will be aware of the amount of research needed to build a green from scratch but once they build the green, research will still need to be taking place in order to help the greens survive. Research needs to be continuously taking place in order to provide the cheapest, safest, and best quality playing surfaces. People pay for the visual and performance quality of the grass, the turf and golf staff need to be constantly ask how can we improve the conditions in order to provide the ideal image that the player is expecting. Research consists of the daily practices all the way to conducting a funded study on different cultivars or the watering needs of the f... ...cations to allow the other areas of the green to heal and to prevent too much wear and tear to one area of the green. Golf courses should consider everything from the location of the green, people traffic, soil, top gravel and draining areas before starting the construction process. Works Cited Gains, T. 1987. Putting Green Topoil Mixtures that Meet USGA Specifications. Carolinas Newsletter. Green Section Staff & Moore, James. Building the USGA Green: Tips For Success. United States Golf Association. 1-32. Moore, James. May 2004. Building and Maintaining the Truly Affordable Golf Course. United States Golf Association. Murphy, James. June 2007. Rootzone Amendments for Putting Green Construction. United States Golf Association. 1-7. United States Golf Association. 2004. Turf Management FAQs. United States Golf Association. 1-3.

A&P Response

This story, in all honesty, did not entertain me or stimulate intriguing thoughts. I felt like the author gave a lot of his time to describe the scene and the appearance of characters that there was nothing really going on. I spent most of my time while reading trying to figure out or thinking what certain things looked like rather than anticipating what may be happening next. Overall this story did not engage me nor hold my interest.I did on the other hand find the way Sammy’s attitude to toward the girls rather baffling because here are these three girls, two of which he mentions are overweight and not on the attractive side, and then â€Å"Queenie† whom he points out is too pale but yet in a sense â€Å"eye candy†. It was strange how he felt a pull towards them as soon as he noticed them and felt the need to quit his job and become their self proclaimed hero. Was he just as strange or just someone who really needs the attention?Sammy meets the need of one†™s standards that may be classified as a normal and average teenage boy. He works, is easily distracted, and has a keen interest in girls. With Sammy’s vernacular and his actions he comes off as awkward by the time the story ends. He describes the girls the best way he knows how but uses a lot of similes and metaphors instead of just stating what one of their skin looks likes or what her body looks like. And when he describes the shoppers he makes them seem like they are suffering from oppression.As if they are they because they have to be just like he is there because he has no choice. And when something goes wrong or something out of the ordinary happens, like him quitting, they seem lost at what to do next. Just like the customers/shoppers when Sammy said â€Å"I quit†, he was not expecting it and was lost himself. And because he decided to quit out of nowhere to be an uncertified hero for these girls that he may possibly never see again, he knows he more than lik ely cannot get his job back and without that job, how is he suppose to survive out in the world with no money?I think the story endorses personal values. And the value of appearance is highly criticized because Sammy talks about how unattractive two out of three of the girls are based off his opinion which does not matter to these girls who may value their appearance and feel comfortable in every aspect of their bodies. Sammy’s actions to quit his job were stupid. He did not need to quit his job and try to be a hero to get their attention.He could of stood up for them without using â€Å"I quit† especially after the girls already make their way to the door and possibly unaware of what he is doing for them. In a way he came off as someone who needs to make a scene to be heard instead of just speaking with assertiveness. In a way this story has no point. It is a great example of realistic fiction. With the way certain descriptions laid out how the store may and even Samm y’s uniform may look. It was believable.

Analysis on Olin Corporation

Olin differentiates itself from competitors by focusing the merchant market. Sales and growth This is a cyclical industry. This cyclical arises because supply is limited by the physical capacity of manufacturing facilities and ability to sell the co-product. Given these are commodity products, prices are very responsive to changes in supply and demand. Timing capacity growth with the cycle leads to a growth in sales. Demand for end-products ultimately drives demand for Color Alkali. The energy advantage North America has by using natural gas instead of crude oil has grown exports of end-products.Customers Most of sales are to the merchant market. The company is able to capture a greater hare of the merchant chlorine market than its overall share of the market capacity because it focuses on the merchant market instead of using the products in downstream production. Costs and Suppliers Almost 50% of production costs is raw materials. The two major needs are electricity and salt. Electr icity comes from coal, hydroelectric, natural gas and nuclear power. Regulatory Olin must comply with legislation regarding the environment, such as air, water and land quality, which requires capital expenditures and increases operation costs.The company has programs in place to minimize waste and prevent pollution. Legislation as passed in October 2009 surrounding the use of mercury cell technology, but expired without enactment. This would have increased the costs of operating mercury cell capacity, of which Olin has one facility. Since it is uncertain whether something similar will happen in the future, Olin chose to convert its mercury cell capacity now, that lead to a restructuring charge incurred in 2010. Winchester Olin has held Winchester for 80 years. Winchester is â€Å"the premier developer and manufacturer of small caliber ammunition†.Production is located in East Alton, IL, but new plans were announced in 2010 to move this operation to Oxford, MS. This would be the most modern production facility in North America and reduce operating costs by $30 million. Competitive environment The ammunition industry creates branded consumer products. Factors contributing to product differentiation include performance, product innovation and brand recognition. Among competitors, Wellness's NAS Eden addle to leverage I TTS Drain name, making it one of the three largest commercial ammunition manufactures in the United States, along with Lillian Tachometers and Remington Arms Company.Sales and growth Winchester has been able to drive sales by being a retail brand of choice and an industry innovator. Recently, the company has developed reduced-lead and non-lead products. Sales are seasonal with an increase in sales during the fall hunting season. Several five-year contracts provide stability in future sales going forward. Currently, Winchester does have a backlog of $178. 1 million which is down from the previous year. Customers Customers include retailers, law enforcement agencies, and militaries.Winchester has developed strong relationships with industrial customers, mass merchants, wholesalers and specialty sporting goods retailers. The company also holds several entrants with the U. S. Government, accounting for 5% of sales in 2010. Costs and Suppliers The raw materials needed include copper, ammunition cartridge case cups, and lead, purchased from vendors at the market price plus a conversion charge. Propellant, the other raw material needed, is purchased mostly from one large U. S. Supplier. Management and Ownership Management has a strong understanding of long-term value creation.Olin uses a discounted cash flow model to value the company's goodwill and reviews their assumptions annually and/or when assumptions are changed by circumstances. Olin sees several compensation methods that help align management's interest with shareholders'. A table outlining compensation can be found on page 29 of the appendix. Institutions account f or 80% of the common stock while insiders hold less than 1%. Olin common stock, traded on New York Stock Exchange, has 80. 2 million shares outstanding with an estimated float of 79. 5 million.

Does Ethnicity Impact on the Way We Experience Music Essay

Does Ethnicity Impact on the Way We Experience Music - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that as a social practice music plays a significant role in the process of constructing national and regional identities and the concept of ethnicity. It has acknowledged vital attention in recent ethnomusicological and other sociological studies. One can find that the study is directly pertinent to the requirements of researchers and professionals in music, musicology, ethnomusicology and social anthropology. Generally, music is considered as the most highly planned human expressions, and it can summarize a social, cultural or ethnic group’s common beliefs and ideologies with a better clarity. The multifaceted music of African-American and Latin traditions proffers a unique opportunity to demonstrate the vibrant relationship between music and culture. Correlation between music and black ethnicity often reveals the changing nature of black ethnicity and various musical styles as they replicate cultural identity. Cultural identity and ethnicity in Sakha are connected with its Pop Music and African –American identity and lifestyle have an obligatory relationship with their music.

Domino's Pizza Services Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Domino's Pizza Services Marketing - Essay Example Showcasing was first created from the products, which clarifies the watched delay in its application in the service segment in both Europe and the United States (He, Zha & Li, 2013). In the wake of showing the fundamental elements connected to showcasing services, a few areas will be produced: nearby services, budgetary services, services identified with transport and tourism. Services showcasing are advertising in view of connections and qualities. It can be utilized to advertise a product or service. Advertising services organization database is not quite the same as product showcasing the business. There are a few essential contrasts, including 1. The purchaser gains an unclear resource 2. Upkeep can be founded on the notoriety of one individual 3. It is harder to look at the nature of comparative services 4. The purchaser can't give back the service When you offer a service organization, we should remember that notoriety, value, conveyance and checking are critical to business achievement (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). "Dealing with the proof" alludes to the demonstration of educating customers that the service had been effectively met already. This is best done in inconspicuous ways, such as giving cases or depictions of good and poor service that can be utilized as a source of perspective. The principle reason is that the customer can't assess the aggregate cost of the service on the off chance that it is a decent benchmark for examination.

Journal assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Journal - Assignment Example One of the significant things I have learnt is the importance of nurses joining professional organizations. I have learnt that organizations play a major role in addressing issues of nurses as well as influencing of health policy. Moreover, such body’s helps in addressing issues related to the society in terms of health. I have also realized that an individual cannot be able to further nursing goals as compared to a group. Hence, joining such entity can help in shaping and achieve nursing goals. On the other hand, I have noted that advocacy by nurse and such bodies are crucial in addressing the needs of the patients. This plays a significant role in the provision of quality care. Moreover, I have realized that various ethical issues arise as nurse work in various environments. Some of the ethical issues are likely to put one in a dilemma. Some of these issues may affect the performance of the nurse. As a result, one has to learn of various initiatives that can help address such challenges. The other important thing I have learnt is the influence advocacy. I have realized that advocacy can play a significant role in the transformation of the nursing profession, society health and individual nurse. The advocacy may help in highlighting some of the challenges ailing the health sector as well as influencing politicians to come up with favorable health policies as they use lobbyist. Additionally, I have realized how understaffing affects the health care outcomes. This is because the staffs may be overworked that may lead to poor concentration. Moreover, such nurses may be stressed and hence be not able to communicate with the patient efficiently. I believe more effort is needed to advance on professional Knowledge development and Communication. I need to undertake various initiatives so that to assume active responsibility for continuing to master these skills. One of the initiatives is to ensure that I have up to date knowledge on emerging

Is Frankenstein Guilty of Crimes Againts Nature Research Paper

Is Frankenstein Guilty of Crimes Againts Nature - Research Paper Example But this proposition of Frankenstein’s crime against nature can be challenged by a simple rhetorical question, â€Å"Does Frankenstein create a real monster?† Textual evidences ultimately show that Doctor Frankenstein has not created a real monster as per the assumption that man cannot grasp the secrets of life and death; rather his ignorance about how to nurture his creature that apparently looks like an evil causes the final havoc he suffers in the end of the novel. By successfully creating a childlike imitative being, in the very first place he proves that the secrets of life and death are obviously knowledgeable by man. Meanwhile he nullifies the supposition that seeking the secrets of life and death is nothing profane. But Frankenstein’s true crime is that he abandons his creature immediately after its birth. Obviously this crime is caused by his ignorance about his responsibility that greater knowledge imposes upon him. Thus Frankenstein commits crime again st nature by refusing to play the motherly role of nurturing the creature; but not by seeking the secrets of life. Mary Shelly’s scheme to humanize the monster essentially refutes the claim that man should not, more accurately cannot, achieve knowledge beyond what nature allows. The horrible look and ferocious appearance of Frankenstein’s creature are not enough to prove his failure to achieve the unknowledgeable. Indeed his success lies in his ability to create a being that can learn; that possesses a mind and the essence of man. Frankenstein commits crime against his creature by abandoning it. Indeed his crime does not seem to be a deliberate one. Rather it evolves from his ignorance about the truth of his creature’s nature. If Frankenstein were responsible enough, instead of being repulsed by the creature’s horrible look he could train him to be socialized. But like

Role Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Role Model - Essay Example Dali’s worldview can be seen in the way he viewed his career, family and religion. It seems most important for Dali was his career. As we read in Dali’s Diary of a Genius all his everyday life was depend on his creativeness and so was his whole life. He sees himself like a genius who is need to be developed almost in any cost (Dali, 2007). That’s typical for an artist to be egocentric and focused on his own personality. But focusing on one side of life, you sacrifice others. Dali often was blamed by his quondam friends for his moral qualities turned into worse. Luis Bunuel – a famous filmmaker who was one of Dali’s closest friends in youth, - in his book My Last Sigh compares a young artist Salvador he once knew to an iconic figure Dali, and says adult Dali cared too much about money (Bunuel, 2013). I think it’s a natural cause on a choice Dali had made, though it’s not close to me. For public person it’s harder to build a family because your family also becomes public, so most of public persons sacrifice their family to their career. Dali combined his private life and even subdued his family life to his career. In his Diary of a Genius Dali speaks about his wife Gala as his greatest muse (Dali, 2007). Though this view on family relationship doesn’t seem suitable to me, it’s a good way for public person to have a family while having their career. Many people that have been raised in unhappy or single-parent family are failed to build a standard family as adults. Dali had hard relationship with his father and other relatives. Firstly, his brother had died as a child and Salvador blamed parents to see the reflection of their dead child in Salvador (Dali, 2007). He argued also with his father after mother’s death because of Salvador’s rebel behavior and on religious ground. That ended with complete break up. Another reason for Dali to not build standard family was, of course, his choice not to be

Gambling Legalization Essay Example for Free

Gambling Legalization Essay Gambling is the act of playing for stakes in the hope of winning (including the payment of a price for a chance to win a prize). (Oxford dictionary) Many have their own opinions about gambling and at this time gambling is not legally practiced here in The Bahamas. â€Å"Such a move would bring an end to an illicit industry that makes tens of millions of dollars a year and which employs hundreds; but which contributes little to the general good of the Bahamian people. † (The Bahama Journal 2008). There are many aspects of gambling that can indeed be looked upon positively. â€Å"Gambling comes in many forms, including betting in casinos, racetracks, sporting events, lotteries, bingo games and even virtual gambling on the Internet† (Oddo 2007) Gambling should indeed be legalized, because it will help our economy and society in many ways. If gambling is practiced it’ll give persons with idle time on their hands, something to do and it can also boost our tourism industry. The legalization of gambling here in The Bahamas will lead to an increase in the Bahamas’ Gross domestic Product (GDP), an increase in employment, and finally it can contribute to our entertainment industry. The legalization of gambling would be of grave benefit for our Government as it relates to the Gross Domestic Product In an article titled ‘Legalizing gambling in The Bahamas’ written by Craig Butler his argument for gambling was that the Prime Minister Rt. Honorable Hubert Ingraham should enforce gambling and put an independent company of auditors to oversee this new development. â€Å"If gambling is to be legalized then he must cause the infrastructure to be put in place that will avoid the inevitable attempts at tampering and manipulation by ingenious persons. † (Butler 2008). Once this takes place the Government will be able to implement a taxing system with our own internal revenue service (IRS) so that a certain percentage of the money i. e. twenty five percent will go to the Government in result more money would be spent on more capital goods, meaning more school’s will be built and more work infrastructure on our roads will be carried out. In America, Statistics show that approximately 92. 27 billion dollars comes from gambling on a yearly basis. If this same scenario would apply to us here in The Bahamas that will mean that gambling would be of benefit to our revenue and finance sector. Some believe that legalizing gambling would only allow the Government a free share of the money, and that share will only be spent on their own needs. They will use this money to purchase more cars for them to be chauffeured around in, to have more ‘business’ dinners for themselves, and to spend on five day trips all around the world and the economy won’t feel a dime of it. They are partially right because most people are used to politicians being voted in the House of Assembly and never coming around to visit their constituents, therefore they lack the trust in believing that the Government will deliver once they start to receive the percentage of winnings. However, they are misguided because the Government forecasts a certain percentage of money to go into capital goods every year during the budget and the normal percentage that is set aside for education and health care can rise and can be use more significantly. â€Å"But the legalization of this habit will not lead to an exponential rise in the number of gamblers. It will, however, allow government to fund programmes that can have a positive impact on our youth, such as community centres, sports and education facilities. † (Butler 2008) Mr. Butler makes it evidently clear in his analysis in the Bahama pundit that if the Government had the extra funds they would use it wisely. For example, there’s now a system set up by National Insurance for the unemployed. The unemployment benefit pays 100 dollars a week to those unemployed and if the Government receives more money this can to go up. Not only Bahamians will be getting taxed but foreigners as well. Therefore all of the foreigners that are here now using our casinos and going back with everything, would have to leave that twenty five percent tax fee for the government. Legalizing gambling would also lead to a decrease in the unemployment rate. In an article entitled ‘Gambling Entertainment’, it states that â€Å"The large percentage of employment provided by the Gambling industry, including the land based casinos as well as the Online casinos, puts gambling industry on the top of society chart straight away. † Having gambling legalized would automatically mean that employment will increase. At present Gambling is in the ‘underground economy’ mark when it comes to calculating the unemployment rate. Since it’s illegal workers are considered to be employed, however legally they’re counted as unemployed when it comes to the unemployment rate. In an article written by Olivia Saunders, Saunders illustrated the unemployment rate in a diagram that showed an unemployment rate of 7. 8 percent. Out of this 7. 8 percent count are the people that are already presently working for number houses, if we legalize gambling that rate would automatically decrease. Many are lead to believe that legalizing gambling won’t decrease the unemployment rate, because there are already a substantial amount of lottery houses opened already and there are still many unemployed, it’s impossible for this to help our unemployed, and even if it does, it won’t completely take care of the problem. They are partially right because legalizing gambling won’t lead to a complete decline in the unemployment rate, and it won’t be able to employ everyone without a job, however they are misguided because it will help tremendously. Legalizing gambling means that more lotto shops will be able to open, not only in Nassau but also on the family islands which will attract more tourists. Therefore they’ll need more staff, this will also lead to more casinos and more people will be hired in many different aspects. For example they’ll need cleaners, cashiers, coupe and hostesses. The real truth is there are many different aspects in our economy that contributes to the unemployment rate both increasing and decreasing and this rate can never be steady. However once gambling is legalized and there are more venues opened then it’s a necessity to hire people to work in them, and these people will then count towards the unemployment rate and it’ll then decrease. Finally the legalization of gambling can be used as a sport and a form of entertainment. The only form of gambling is not purchasing numbers from the lotto shops as some Bahamians are blindsided to believing, however it is also a sport. There was once a horse racing venue that was used as a sport over here in 1976 but had to leave because gambling wasn’t legal. Legalizing gambling would allow this form of entertainment to once again be practiced. In a journal named ‘Gambling The cost of our future,’ it indicates that ‘Those who participate in gambling activities do so voluntarily and, in return, receive intrinsic benefits from their consumption. Furthermore, if consumers are gambling for entertainment purposes, they are purchasing gambling just as they would purchase tickets for the cinema or a symphony. † (Basham, White). This statement raises a thoughtful argument because gambling is indeed a risk however this risk is on the same level of buying a cinema ticket and you’re not sure if the movie will play or a symphony and you’re not sure if you’ll enjoy it. Opponents believe that having gambling as sports can only lead to more financial problems for an unstable financial home. They may argue that gambling is an addictive game and some families aren’t ready for the strain that this addiction entails, and some people may be willing to do anything to satisfy this addiction like commit robbery. Gambling addiction is also referred to as compulsive gambling or pathological gambling. Medical Author Roxanne Dryden-Edwards raise a valuable point in her article ‘Gambling Addiction’ stating that â€Å"The number of people who gamble socially qualify for being diagnosed with a gambling addiction range from 2%-5%, thereby affecting millions of people in the United States alone. † (Dryden- Edwards) Some may debate that If The Bahamas population is only 316,000 compared to the United States, then our percentage will be more harmful if gambling is practice. But they are misguided because this entertainment and sport may not be addictive but relatively fun and exciting and a good family event for most, even though there may be some bad apples the pros may outweigh the cons. The real truth is that almost everything we do as a form of gaming exercise is pleasurable and having more opportunities will make gambling more enjoyable. The Government can also implement a system so that gamblers that develop the addiction can be fully taken care of and receive psychiatric help called Gamblers Anonymous’ (GA). According to the the 12 step recovery program statistics â€Å"Of those in their fourth month of AA meeting attendance (i. e. have stayed beyond 90-days) 56% will still be attending AA at the end of that year. † (Holding all others constant if this system is practiced here with addicts treatment will be beneficial. In conclusion, gambling can contribute to our economy significantly. Many feel as though gambling will cause more harm than good, however if it’s practiced correctly and everyone abide to the laws that would be put in place, gambling will be more than just an easy way to win a substantial amount of money it’ll be a form of entertainment for many, it’ll be a sport that can be family orientated and finally it can be a way for our economy to jump back into the expansionary boom period and no longer claim that we are in a recession. Works Cited Gambling: http://wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn? s=gambling Gambling Revenue: Current year data, Fact Sheets Statistics. 2003 American Gaming Associations http://www. americangaming. org/Industry/factsheets/statistics_detail. cfv? id=7 Saunders Olivia. ‘Unemployment in The Bahamas’ Gambling Entertainment. 2006 Royal World Casinos http://www. royalworldcasino. com/gambling_entertainment. html Oddo, Alfonso. The Economics and ethics of casino gambling. Review of Business. March 22, 1997. http://www. allbusiness. com/specialty-businesses/653985-1. html Patrick Basham and Karen White. Gambling with Our Future? The Costs and Benefits of Legalized Gambling. http://oldfraser. lexi. net/publications/digital/gamblingwithourfuture. pdf http://www. bahamapundit. com/2008/02/legalizing-gamb. html http://www. jonesbahamas. com/? c=128a=15872 http://www. medicinenet. com/gambling_addiction/article. htm http://www. 12step. com/statistics. html.

Secure Payment Device using NFC

Secure Payment Device using NFC CAREER EPISODE 3 3.1 INTRODUCTION In my last semester, i.e. 8th semester, I made a project called Secure Payment Device using NFC. My last career episode is about this project. I completed this project in six months duration from Jan 2013 to May 2013. I completed my Bachelors Degree in Electronics and Communication in June 2013. I pursued this program from Guru Nanak Dev University, Gurdaspur, India. The project secure payment device using NFC was completed in a group and I was assigned the group leader. Also, it was performed under the supervision of Prof. Rana. 3.2 BACKGROUND NFC Near Field Communication, it is a wireless communication technology. NFC and mobile payments are the two fields which are gaining attention in the society lately. Mostly all mobile phone has this NFC technology, and more to come in near future. Using NFC, if the payments are made possible, it will attract more masses. The project concentrates on how this technology can be used for mobile payments. It stores the credit card or debit card number on the phone i.e. the digital money and uses NFC reader to detect the card number and send it to the server for authentication. For this purpose, I had prepared a dummy database bank system and uploaded it on the server side. 3.3 OBJECTIVES The objective behind implementing this project was to overcome the problems related to payment. People tend to forget their wallet and debit/credit card, or there occurs a problem of security if the card is lost. So, to overcome this issue I designed a NFC based payment method, which replaces the regular money cards. The users mobile system become the mode of payment transaction. This solves the issue of security also and the person always has a mode of payment in his phone. Also, NFC is the new and useful technology, which got me interested in its various forms of application. 3.4 In this device, NFC for requesting on client end and sending card number, POS (Point of Sales) Terminal for client end for receiving data and processing the transaction, Website for registration, account details etc., Web service which is used for authentication and Database for loading and saving users details are required. Various new technology and software are used in designing of this device. The POS terminal is NFC reader interfaced with Arduino, from Arduino the program code is sent to APDU commands on phone to verify the AID of the application. Eclipse software is used to write application for NFC Enabled Phone to send card number and password that is stored in the phone. Computer languages like C#, ASP.NET are used to write the code for website and webserver. And SQL is used for database technology. 3.5 The idea behind this project is that the user just touches his phone to NFC reader when the payment is need to be made, and the phone will act as the credit card or debit card that the user previously used to use. A mobile payment enabled phone is associated with the bank or the credit card company, in a similar way the phone is associated to phone service provider.ÂÂ   For my project a dummy system and bank with some random database is made to use which assigns a card number and authenticates the user the permission required at the time of payment. 3.6 The project was performed in a group, and being a group leader I had many responsibilities and duties that I had to perform perfectly and had to maintain professional rules of conduct. The duties are listed below: To start with, I had to understand the problem statement assigned to me and survey and research relevant and related topics for possible solutions. After having the solution, I mapped a work plan. Based on the work plan, I divided the whole project into small task and assigned each team member the task based on team members ability. Also, I gave a strict deadline. I involved myself in the design procedure of the block diagram for this device based on my research work. I studied and compared all the components and came up with a final set of components. Using my planned circuit diagram and the component list, I started to plot the hardware model. I learned new software for the implementation of the programming codes in my device. Testing and troubleshooting was performed. Regular reports on updates of my project was given to the project guide. 3.7 PERSONAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITY Based on my literature survey, I made a block diagram for my device. For my project, I have used Roboduino with ATmega328, which is Arduino compatible board. I chose this microcontroller due to its simplicity in programming. To display a message at the POS terminal, I used LCD and interfaced it with Arduino. The NFC reader is interfaced with Arduino in SPI mode. I have made use of PN532 NFC IC which prepares NFC reader by matching 13.56MHz frequency with the antenna. The data that is scanned by NFC reader is passed to the computer and further sent to web server for authentication. The web servers code that is written in visual studio will verify the data that is sent to the web service URL. The URL is already hosted. It will then send a notification stating the success or failure of the data and that will be displayed on the LCD. 3.8 To use this system, it involves three parties buyer, bank, and the merchant. The process involves tapping the buyers phone on the reader at the point of sales (POS). Once the AID is selected from the android side, it will return the card number and PIN to the reader. As per the ISO 7816-4 standard, these values received are transferred in HEX code. On the PC terminal, this HEX code is converted into string by serial client. The bank receives the card no and PIN for verification purpose. On receiving the reply, the LCD will display true or false and it will notify the buyer about his or her transaction. 3.9 For the function of the system, I used the following components to suit my requirement. PN532 it is a highly-integrated transmission module which is used for contactless communication at 13.56MHz and it also supports microcontroller functionality based on 80C51 core. Arduino Duemilanove, LCD 162, Resistors, Capacitors, LED, MOSFET, Inductor and Crystal With the help of these components I prepared a circuit diagram using a software called Eclipse. The readers circuit diagram differs than others because it moves from one host interface to other and the SPI interface uses MOSI. PN532 supports three modes. The interfacing is done for the LCD and NFC shield with the Roboduino. The NFC shield operates as SPI modes while interfacing, so 4 pins MOSI, MISO, SS and SCK are interfaced to the Arduino pins. 3.10 Once my hardware part was completed and the components were soldered to the PCB, I progressed my work with the development of the software part for my device. The software part was divided into two parts, one for the hardware functioning and the other part was designed to function the web application. To start with the implementation, I had to learn certain programming software, as they were new for me. The four software that are used in my device are Arduino IDE used for programming Arduino Uno board with C++ language, Microsoft Visual Studio used for developing a serial client software, web application and web service with the use of C#, Eagle is used for PCB designing and schematic layout and Eclipse to develop android applications using Java code. 3.11 For receiving data on COM port and for the verification purpose of the user, a software i.e. serial client is developed with the help of C#.Net. A random website is developed for the registration and processing the NFC payment purpose, editing details of the user, adding money etc. A tap pay app based on android is prepared for NFC shield to communicate and transfer the required card details to serial port. The serial client performs all further procedure. After the completion of the software designing, the project was run on the trial basis to check its working and for any faulty situation. Various troubleshooting and test kits were used to solve any issue in the device. All the connections were checked at the final stage to avoid short circuit situation of the PCB. 3.12 Working in teams is also a challenging situation. And as I was the group leader, I had to present the complete working model of my project on time. I coordinated with each group member. I took a fair, unbiased, and appropriate decision in the state of conflict. I took help from my seniors and project supervisor in the crises of any error or problem. There were two major issues during my project, first was working on software as coming from electronics and communication background, it was difficult and challenge to write such big codes. I took the challenge and learned all possible solutions and techniques to write the code. The second issue was I had to reconnect some of the components as while performing a trial run, the microcontroller got burnt. I took precaution while correcting the issue so that I dont make the same mistake again. 3.13 SUMMARY Therefore, after performing and developing such endless device, I have proposed a trusted and secure option for payment method which is based on NFC. It processes payment without the need of physical card, the mobile does all the work by just tapping it at the reader. Once the users details are verified, the payment is processed and executed successfully. I have kept the window open for expanding my project in future. The details can be encrypted before transferring it from the phone to the POS, thus keeping it more safe and secure. It can be used anywhere, from shopping at small shops to malls, as well as an access system for the door or for buying tickets at railway or bus stations. 3.14 The project was a big step in my bachelors degree. It involved serious knowledge and full dedication. I learned and developed new technologies and software that are related to my electronics and communication field. I used my engineering knowledge at various point during the execution and implementation of the project. I was grateful to my project guide for constantly helping me and training me to develop such device. I made a presentation and report describing the details of my project. I referenced various work of great researchers and scientist wherever needed.

T. S. Eliots Critique of Henry James Washington Square :: Henry James Washington Square

T. S. Eliot's Critique of Henry James' Washington Square In the article "A Prediction," by T. S. Eliot, Henry James is both criticized and praised as a writer: "His technique has received the kind of praise usually accorded to some useless, ugly and ingenious piece of carving which has taken a very long time to make; and he is widely reproached for not succeeding in doing the things that he did not attempt to do" (55). Eliot seems to feel that James has not been properly criticized, and in fact that some criticisms are contradictory and inconsistent. Perhaps critics of James have expressed themselves in these manners because James's writing is hard to identify with because it is not real. In Washington Square, there are several components that cause the novel to come across as unrealistic. The most prominent appears to be the characters and how they are presented and interact with each other throughout the novel. The personality of each character is very hard to pinpoint. As I read through the novel, I could not figure out exactly what Doctor Sloper's motives were. Did he really dislike Morris Townsend or was he just trying to keep his daughter from marrying anyone at all? The Doctor's reasons seem sufficient enough, "If Morris Townsend has spent his own fortune in amusing himself, there is every reason to believe that he would spend yours" (71). However, the Doctor's motives also seem curious. He waited to tell Catherine that he disliked Morris until after he had asked her to marry him, when all along the Doctor disliked Morris. In fact, it was hard to ignore the doctors snide comments about Morris that appeared consistently throughout the book. For example, at the traditional Sunday evening at Mrs. Almond's, the Doctor comments, "'He is amazingly conceited!'" (57). The Doctor comments without having really talked with Morris. He has made up his mind about Morris before he really even meets him Regardless of James's failure to present real characters who have believable social settings, work for a living, and express emotions and opinions about the trials and tribulations that they encounter, Eliot argues that, "had James been a better hand at character, he would have missed the sensibility to the peculiar class of data which were his province" (55).

Various law :: essays research papers

Charta Magna: agreement between king John and his barons laying down mutual rights and obligations as well as the position of the lower nobility and the church. (1215) Habeas Corpus: is an important remedy against unlawful commitment. (1679) Bill of rights: protects statements in either house of parliament granting parliament itself the power to fine or imprison those who abuse this privilege. It also prohibited the king to levy taxes or keep an army without permission of parliament. (1689) Act of settlement: Secured the succession of the throne after the death of William III who was king of England but who didn’t have any children. It gave the throne to Princess Sofia of Hannover and her heirs, being Protestants.(1700) Charles-Luis de Montesquieu : â€Å"De l’espiritu des lois† (1748) Jean-Jaques Rouseau is the author of: â€Å"discours sur l' origine el les fondaments de l' inegalite parmi les homes†(1754) â€Å"contrat social ou principes du droit† (1762) Independence of USA (1776) French Revolution (1784) Types of laws Statute laws: An act of the legislature of a state or country, declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something; a positive law; the written will of the legislature expressed with all the requisite forms of legislation; -- used in distinction from common law. Statute is commonly applied to the acts of a legislative body consisting of representatives. In monarchies, legislature laws of the sovereign are called edicts, decrees, ordinances, rescripts, etc. In works on international law and in the Roman law, the term is used as embracing all laws imposed by competent authority. Statutes in this sense are divided into statutes real, statutes personal, and statutes mixed; statutes real applying to immovables; statutes personal to movables; and statutes mixed to both classes of property. Statute book: a record of laws or legislative acts. Federal Laws: Rules that are applied on a federal level International Laws: A set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and nations. Also called law of nations. These are the rules regulating the mutual intercourse of nations. International law is mainly the product of the conditions from time to time of international intercourse, being drawn from diplomatic discussion, textbooks, proof of usage, and from recitals in treaties. It is called public when treating of the relations of sovereign powers, and private when of the relations of persons of different nationalities. International law is now, by the better opinion, part of the common law of the land. By-laws: A local or subordinate law; a private law or regulation made by a corporation for its own government.